VISUAL EVIDENCE ON THE WEB This list of online visual resources is only suggestive of the pictorial primary sources available on the Web. Many of the following sites were found on the Library of Congress's American Memory Web site and the American Social History Project/Center for History and New Media's History Matters Web site. AMERICAN REVOLUTION SLAVERY, SECTIONAL CONFLICT, AND RECONSTRUCTION POSTBELLUM WEST (AND MIDWEST) TURN OF THE CENTURY CITY GREAT DEPRESSION, THE NEW DEAL, AND WORLD WAR II MISCELLANEOUS AMERICAN REVOLUTION The American Revolution and Its Era: Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750-1789 This American Memory site records the mapping of North America and the Caribbean from 1750 to 1789 through images of maps in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress. Most items on the site are also included among the 2000 images in Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750-1789: A Guide to the Collections of the Library of Congress, compiled by John R. Sellers and Patricia Molen van Ee (1981). Currently the site contains roughly 500 images. Maps and charts will be added to the online exhibit gradually. Selected images include original manuscript drawings by famous mapmakers like Samuel Holland, John Hills, and John Montresor; maps from the personal collections of men like Admiral Richard Howe and the comte de Rochambeau; and large groups of maps by three major 18th-century London publishers: Thomas Jeffreys, William Faden, and Joseph Frederick Wallet des Barres. The online collection allows researchers to compare editions, styles, and techniques of mapmakers from Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Holland, Italy, and the United States, and to follow the development of specific maps from the manuscript sketch to the finished, printed version. Each image is accompanied by descriptive notes (100-150 words) and a list of the medium, date and place of publication, condition, call number, and repository. The site also includes a 1500-word essay on mapmaking during the American Revolutionary era and links to 12 other American Memory sites containing related materials. Researchers can browse this site by geographic location, subject, creator, and title, and can search the site by keyword. This site is ideal for students and teachers interested in mapmaking in the 18th century and in exploring how maps helped to illustrate American culture. Archiving Early America Don Vitale. Presents about 50 facsimile reproductions and transcriptions of original documents, newspapers, books, autobiographies, biographies, portraits, and maps from the 18th and early 19th centuries. Examples include the Declaration of Independence, the Jay Treaty, George Washingtonıs journal of his trip to the Ohio Valley, published in the 1754 Maryland Gazette, and 15 contemporary obituaries of well-known figures. Portraits include 24 statesmen and 12 "notable women." The site also furnishes guidelines for deciphering early American documents; seven "short films of noteworthy events," including a 35-minute feature entitled "The Life of George Washington"; four discussion forums; a collection of interactive crossword puzzles; the online journal, The Early America Review; and a news-ticker relating events that occurred "On This Day in Early America." Includes an "Early American Digital Library" from which visitors can view more than 200 digital images from early American engravings of people, places, and events (full-size images are available for purchase). Created by a collector of early Americana, this useful site is unfortunately marred by annoying blinking advertisements. Exploring the West from Monticello: A Perspective in Maps from Columbus to Lewis and Clark Alderman Library, University of Virginia; Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. This 1995 exhibition presents approximately 70 maps designed to help "understand [Thomas] Jeffersonıs views of the West and the nature of the quest to the Pacific," and to "show the evolution of cartographic knowledge of North America up to the time that [Meriwether] Lewis and [William] Clark set out." Arranged into five sections, it treats the period from the arrival of Columbus in North America to Lewis and Clarkıs 1803 voyage. Well-written background essays describe relevant monographs and journals, explain the role of technology in mapmaking, and elucidate the social and intellectual contexts of Western exploration. The site, which offers both European and American perspectives, also furnishes eight related links and a 31-title bibliography. Particularly useful for understanding the evolution of geographic knowledge about North America and for tracing the history of cartography during this period. George Washington: A National Treasure Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery This site features an interesting interactive presentation of Gilbert Stuartıs portrait of George Washington and helps students understand the significance of the symbolic, bibliographic, and artistic elements used in the painting. A Teachers Guide and Family Guide is also included that provides lessons and activities for using Stuartıs portrait with young people. SLAVERY, SECTIONAL CONFLICT, AND RECONSTRUCTION Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives From the Federal Writers Project, 1936-1938 This new American Memory site is a gold mine of information on the history of slavery from those who lived as slaves. A collaborative effort of the Library of Congress Manuscripts and Prints and Photographs Divisions, this site has more than 2300 first person accounts of slavery and 500 black and white photographs of former slaves, 200 of which have never before been available to the public. These narratives and photographs were collected as part of the 1930s Federal Writers Project of the Works Project Administration, and they were assembled and microfilmed in 1941 as the 17-volume Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former slaves. Each digitized transcript of a slave narrative is accompanied by notes including the name of the narrator, place and date of the interview, interviewerıs name, length of transcript, and cataloging information. Each photograph has similar notes regarding the name of the subject, place and date of photograph, name of photographer, and cataloging information. Visitors can browse photographs and narratives by keyword, subject, and narrator. The site also includes a 3000-word introductory essay on the significance of slave narratives by Norman Yetman, Professor of American Studies and Sociology at the University of Kansas. "Voices and Faces," includes a selection of excerpts from eight narratives along with photographs of the former slaves. This is a rich resource for students and teachers exploring the institution of slavery. Civil War Maps Presents approximately 2,240 Civil War maps and charts and 76 atlases and sketchbooks. The materials, primarily Union and Confederate "reconnaissance, sketch, coastal, and theater-of-war maps which depict troop activities and fortifications," also include commercially-produced maps. Provides 210 maps and three atlases belonging to General William Tecumseh Sherman, and 341 maps and sketchbooks prepared by Confederate topographical engineer Major Jedediah Hotchkiss. A "Special Presentation" offers a 10,000-word essay illustrated with 17 photographs and maps on the history of mapping the war. Maps can be viewed with the Library of Congressıs excellent map viewing software. Very useful for Civil War specialists and those interested in historical geography. Selected Civil War Photographs This collection offers 1,118 photographs depicting Civil War military personnel, preparations for battle, and the aftermath of battles in the main eastern theater and in the west, in addition to Federal Navy and Atlantic seaborne expeditions against the Confederacy. The site also includes portraits of Confederate and Union officers and enlisted men and photographs of Washington, D.C., during the war. Most images were created under the supervision of photographer Mathew B. Brady; additional photographs were made by Alexander Gardner after leaving Bradyıs employment to start his own business. The presentation "Time Line of the Civil War" places images in historical context. "Does the Camera Ever Lie" demonstrates the constructed nature of images, showing that photographers sometimes rearranged elements of their images to achieve a more controlled effect. This site is useful for those studying 19th-century American photography and Civil War history. How A Battle Is Sketched In this article, written 24 years after the war for the childrenıs magazine St. Nicholas, former Harperıs Weekly sketch-artist Theodore R. Davis recollects the hazardous and inventive ways that pictorial journalists reported the Civil War. While photography was still in its infancy‹unable yet to capture action or to be cheaply reproduced in periodicals or books‹artistsı battlefront sketches were the publicıs primary source of visual news of the warıs people, places and events. Davis, who was 21 at the start of the war, was typical of this new type of reporter, recording direct observations or collected stories in rough sketches and notes that were dispatched to newspaper offices in New York where they were made into wood engravings and printed as illustrations in publications such as Harperıs Weekly, Frank Leslieıs Illustrated Newspaper, and the New York Illustrated News (the South had no comparable pictorial news resource). In the Richmond Slave Market In 1852-53, the popular British writer William Makepeace Thackeray toured the United States. While he lectured to enthralled American audiences, his secretary Eyre Crowe meticulously recorded the trip in words and pictures. Crowe, who studied painting in France, later published an illustrated memoir of the U.S. trip called With Thackeray in America. Crowe included in his account a visit to the Richmond, Virginia, slave market where he witnessed and sketched a slave auction. As this excerpt demonstrates, his simple act of drawing the harsh circumstances of the slave trade was viewed by the auctioneer and planters as a threat. After his return to England, Crowe turned his sketches into a series of paintings that starkly depicted the auction and the subsequent forced separation of family members and friends. Africans in America PBS Online This well-produced site was created as a companion to the Public Broadcasting Company series, Africans in America, funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. It traces the history of Africans in America in four chronological parts: "The Terrible Transformation" (1450-1750) deals with the beginning of the slave trade into America and slaveryıs growth in the early 18th century; "Revolution" (1750-1805) discusses the justifications for slavery in a new nation that was supposed to represent equality and freedom; "Brotherly Love" (1791-1831) traces the development of a wide abolition movement in the North; and "Judgment Day" (1831-1865) depicts the debates over slavery, strengthening of sectionalism, and the Civil War. Each section begins with a roughly 1500-word narrative that offers links to images and documents related to the topic. A Resource Bank lists all the primary documents and images offered within that section. The site offers a total of more than 200 primary documents, more than 75 images and maps, and approximately 25 brief (150-word) descriptions by historians of specific aspects of the history of slavery, servitude, abolition, and war in America. Teacher guides offer ideas for questions, activities, and lessons for elementary and secondary students. The lack of a search engine or comprehensive index makes the site a bit difficult to navigate, but it is certainly worth the trouble. This site is ideal for researching and teaching African-American history up to the Civil War. College survey teachers will find it particularly useful for providing anecdotes for lectures and material for discussion. American Civil War Jim Janke, Dakota State University. A gateway to more than 300 links about the American Civil War. Organized thematically, it offers links to a wide range of primary material‹art, poetry, letters, and photographs‹and also includes secondary sources such as bibliographies, museums, institutions, magazines, and other gateways. The site, indexed by subject, can help locate a wide variety of Civil War material, ranging from Confederate stamps to information about major battles, re-enactor groups, and the role of African-American troops in the war. The American Civil War Homepage George Hoemann, School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee An impressive gateway providing hundreds of links to sites relating to the Civil War. The links are arranged into 12 sections: general resources, including music-related sites; the secession crisis and before; images of wartime; biographical information; documentary records, including sites covering both public and personal documents; state and local studies, arranged by state; battles and campaigns; rosters and regimental histories; Civil War reenactors; and Civil War round tables. While the site contains neither a search engine nor annotations, the gateway is easy to navigate and, as it is regularly updated, provides a valuable guide to currently available online resources on Civil War history. Beyond Face Value: Depictions of Slavery in Confederate Currency Leah Wood Jewett, Project Director, U.S. Civil War Center Funded by the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities as a project of the U.S. Civil War Center at Louisiana State University, this exhibit focuses on depictions of slaves on Confederate currency. The project treats currency as a way to interpret the culture and identity of the southern people during the Civil War. The site offers over 70 images of Confederate Currency printed by individual southern states and provides roughly 500-word narratives of the general history and economic environment of the Confederate states as background to the interpretation of the images. The images are grouped both by state of origin and thematically, in seven categories that describe the kinds of activities that slaves are depicted performing on the money: Individuals with Cotton; Individuals with Assorted Tasks; Field Scenes; Stylistic Scenes; Post-Civil War Scenes; Sugar Plantations; and Transportation. There are 15-20 word captions with each image describing the currency on which the image appeared. There is a list of ten Web links and a bibliography of over 50 scholarly books and articles on the Confederate economy and currency. This site is useful for researching the economic history of the southern states as well as for learning about southern identity during the Civil War. Exploring Amistad: Race and the Boundaries of Freedom in Maritime Antebellum America Mystic Seaport Museum Presents more than 500 primary documents relating to the 1839-1842 revolt of enslaved Africans aboard the schooner Amistad, their legal struggles in the United States, and the multifaceted cultural and social dimensions of their case. The site features a searchable library that contains 32 items from personal papers, 33 legal decisions and arguments, 18 selections from the "popular media," including pamphlets, journal articles, reports, a playbill, and a poem; 103 government publications, 28 images, 11 maps and nautical charts, and 310 newspaper articles and editorials. Also includes suggestions for using these materials in the classroom, a timeline, 28 links to other resources, and a "living the history" component that encourages user feedback and participation. A visually attractive, well-conceived site that provides a wealth of materials for students of slavery, race, politics, and print culture in antebellum America. Images of African Americans from the 19th Century Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library Part of the Digital Schomburg/New York Public Library project, this site contains roughly 500 images selected primarily from the Photographs and Prints Division of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture at the New York Public Library. The items, selected by Marilyn Nance, freelance photographer, and Mary Yearwood, Curator of Photographs and Prints, include prints, original negatives, and transparencies from the 19th century, drawn from collections of family photographs, African-American school photographs, and personal collections. The images in this archive depict the social, political, and cultural worlds of their African American subjects. The site can be searched through 17 subject categories, such as family, labor, Civil War, slavery, social life and customs, and portraits. Under each subject category is a list of images with 15-word descriptions. This easily-navigable site also offers a keyword search engine through which collection items can be accessed. The images download quickly and are of good quality. Ideal for researching African American and 19th century history. Pictorial Images of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Media Database Compiled by Jerome Handler (Virginia Foundation for the Humanities) and Michael Tuite (Digital Media Laboratory, University of Virginia), this searchable collection now contains close to 300 images which we hope will be useful to teachers, researchers, students, and the general public. The collection is not intended to be exhaustive, but the images provide a glimpse into pre-colonial frica and the experiences of enslaved Africans who were transported to the Americas. They are presently expanding the website to include approximately 500 additional images depicting various aspects of slavery and slave life in New World societies, including the Caribbean; this expansion should be available on the web during the spring of 2002. Seneca Village New-York Historical Society, New York Public Library, and Institute for Learning Technologies, Columbia University An introduction to Seneca Village, a multi-ethnic community of African Americans and Irish and German immigrants destroyed by New York city officials in 1857 to clear land for Central Park. Through a selection of materials, currently limited to maps, images, and secondary essays, the site furnishes background on both Seneca Village and Central Park more generally. Also suggests "classroom activities" and provides a list of 63 related titles. Based on The Park and the People‹an award-winning history of Central Park by Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar‹the site promises to expand significantly (but, as of October 2000 had not changed significantly from when it was launched a few years earlier). "Primary documents will include the New York State Manuscript Census for 1855; birth and death records; church registers and records; newspaper articles; political cartoons, drawings, illustrations, photographs, and maps. Many of these will be interactive, so that students can query the data directly." Uncle Tomıs Cabin and American Culture Stephen Railton, University of Virginia This well-designed site explores Harriet Beecher Stoweıs Uncle Tomıs Cabin "as an American cultural phenomenon." The section of "Pre Texts, 1830-1852" provides dozens of texts, songs, and images from the various genres Stowe drew upon: Christian Texts, Sentimental Culture, Anti-Slavery Texts, and Minstrel Shows. The section on Uncle Tomıs Cabin includes Stoweıs preface, multiple versions of the text, playable songs from the novel, and Stoweıs defense against criticism, The Key to Uncle Tomıs Cabin. A third section focuses on responses to the book from 1852 to 1930, including 12 reviews, over 100 articles and notes, 20 responses from African Americans, and dozens of pro-slavery responses. The final section explores "Other Media," including childrenıs books, songs, games, and theatrical versions. Two interpretive exhibits (with more in development) challenge students to explore how slavery and race were defined and redefined as well as and how the character of Topsy was created and re-created, assuming a range of political and social meanings. Excellent for teachers and students. Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War Edward L. Ayers, Anne S. Rubin, William G. Thomas, University of Virginia Conceived by Edward Ayers, Hugh P. Kelley Professor of History at the University of Virginia, this site is a massive, searchable archive of thousands of pages of maps, images, letters, diaries, newspapers, and church, agricultural, military, and public records‹all relating to two communities, Staunton, Virginia, and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, before, during, and after the Civil War. Offers both a narrative "walking tour" and direct access to the archive. Also presents bibliographies, a "fact book," student essays and projects, and other materials intended to foster primary-source research. "Students can explore every dimension of the conflict and write their own histories, reconstructing the life stories of women, African Americans, farmers, politicians, soldiers, and families." This is an important and innovative site, particularly valuable to historians of 19th-century American life. Currently, part one, "The Eve of War," is finished, while part two, "The War Years," is scheduled for completion in mid-2001, and materials in part three, "Aftermath," are limited. Without Sanctuary: Photographs and Postcards of Lynching in America James Allen, Collector James Allen has assembled a collection of chilling photographs and postcards taken at lynchings throughout America, primarily from the late 19th and early 20th century. His collection has also been published in a book entitled Without Sanctuary, and this website is a companion to the book and to a former exhibition at the New York Historical Society. The online exhibit can be experienced through a flash movie, with narrative comments by James Allen, or as a gallery of approximately 100 photographs with 5-10-word captions. Most images also have links to more extensive, 150-word descriptions of the circumstances behind that particular situation. While the vast majority of lynching victims were members of minorities‹African Americans, Hispanics, Italians, Chinese, and Native Americans‹non-ethnic whites are depicted in a few of these images. Important note: These images are very disturbing and may not be appropriate for younger students. This would, however, be an excellent resource for college-level survey course research and teaching about racism in the late-19th and 20th century. POSTBELLUM WEST (AND MIDWEST) The African-American Experience in Ohio: Selections from the Ohio Historical Society This Library of Congress American Memory site, a cooperative effort with the Ohio Historical Society, presents manuscripts, printed materials, and photographs drawn from the Ohio State Archives/Library in Columbus and the National African-American Museum and Cultural Center in Wilberforce. The collection includes more than 30,000 items relating to African-American life in Ohio between 1850 and 1920, including personal papers, association records, a plantation account book, ex-slave narratives, legal records, pamphlets and speeches. More than 300 photographs of local community leaders, buildings, ex-slaves, and African-American members of the military and police, as well as more than 15,000 articles from 11 Ohio newspapers and the African Methodist Episcopal Church Review, perhaps the oldest African-American periodical, are included. The materials represent themes such as slavery, abolition, the underground railroad, African-Americans in politics and government, and African-American religion. Items include an extensive collection of correspondence by George A. Myers, an African-American businessman and politician active in the Republican party around the turn of the 20th century, and prominent political speeches such as an 1863 speech by Congressman William Allen protesting a bill that would permit the use of Negro soldiers in the war. Each image is accompanied by notes on the source, subjects, medium, and repository. The site also includes a list of two related scholarly resources and seven links to websites with related materials. The materials, searchable by keyword, are arranged by document type. Though no interpretation of the sources is included in this site beyond a brief (750-word) introduction by John Fleming, Director of the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, this site is ideal for those interested in African-American and Ohio history. Chicago Anarchists on Trial: Evidence from the Haymarket Affair, 1886-1887 A collection of documents‹primarily facsimiles and transcriptions of more than 3,200 pages of court proceedings‹concerning the Haymarket Affair. This watershed event in the history of American radicalism led to "the first 'Red Scare' in America." Includes autobiographies of two of the eight anarchists tried for conspiracy in the murder of seven Chicago police officers. The officers died after a bomb exploded at an anarchist meeting in May 1886. Four of the defendants were executed, despite lack of evidence connecting them to the bombing. The site provides word-searchable and subject access to the documents in addition to approximately 125 newspaper clippings, 60 photographs, 13 letters, nine broadsides, and images of two dozen artifacts‹flags, banners, and a bomb casing. A linked exhibition, "The Dramas of Haymarket," at the Chicago Historical Societyıs site, provides historical context and interpretation. The site also includes a chronology and 13 annotated links. Valuable for the study of late 19th-century American radicalism, law enforcement, and political climate. Edward S. Curtis's The North American Indian The North American Indian by Edward S. Curtis is one of the most significant and controversial representations of traditional American Indian culture ever produced. Issued in a limited edition from 1907-1930, the publication continues to exert a major influence on the image of Indians in popular culture. Curtis said he wanted to document "the old time Indian, his dress, his ceremonies, his life and manners." In over 2000 photogravure plates and narrative, Curtis portrayed the traditional customs and lifeways of eighty Indian tribes. The twenty volumes, each with an accompanying portfolio, are organized by tribes and culture areas encompassing the Great Plains, Great Basin, Plateau Region, Southwest, California, Pacific Northwest, and Alaska. Featured here are all of the published photogravure images including over 1500 illustrations bound in the text volumes, along with over 700 portfolio plates. History of the American West, 1860-1920: Photographs from the Collection of the Denver Public Library Part of the Library of Congress American Memory project, this site features more than 30,000 photographs drawn from the holdings of the Western History and Geneological Department at the Denver Public Library. Most photographs in this digital archive were taken between 1860 and 1920 and include images of Colorado towns, landscapes, mining scenes, and members of more than 40 Native Americans tribes living West of the Mississippi River. The special presentations on this site include: a gallery of more than 30 photographs depicting the dwellings, children, and daily lives of Native American Women; more than 30 images of buildings, statues, and parks in Denver, Colorado; and roughly 20 World War II-era photographs of the 10th Mountain Division, ski troops based in Colorado who fought in Italy during the war. Each image in these special exhibits is accompanied by a 100-150 word contextualization. All photographs offer links to full records, including title, a 25-word summary of the photograph subject, the photographerıs name, medium, and the date the photograph was taken. The site also includes biographies of Western photographers David F. Barry, Horace S. Poley, and Harry M. Rhoads, and links to 10 other American Memory and Library of Congress resources focusing on the American West, the American Indian experience, and frontier history. This site is keyword searchable, can be browsed by subject and title, and is ideal for researching the history of Colorado and the American West. Mapping the National Parks Funded by the Rockefeller Corporation and part of the Library of Congress American Memory Project, this site features approximately 200 maps that document the history, cultural aspects, and geological features of the areas that became the Acadia, Grand Canyon, Great Smoky Mountains, and Yellowstone National Parks. The maps date from the 17th century to the present and include early European, exploration, geological, environmental, United States Geological Survey, and National Park Service maps. The site is divided into four sections, one for each of the featured national parks. Each section includes a 1200-word essay describing the history of the area and the process by which it became a national park, illustrated with five to seven maps. The site also includes a bibliography of over 200 scholarly works on related topics. Other links include a 750-word general history of the mapping of national parks and a "Learn More About It" section that offers links to 14 Library of Congress Special Presentations and related collections and exhibits. The collection is keyword searchable and can be browsed by geographic location, subject, creator, and title. This easily navigable site is ideal for students and teachers interested in cartography, the National Parks system, and conservation in America. Prairie Settlement: Nebraska Photographs and Family Letters Nebraska State Historical Society This remarkable digital collection, a collaborative effort between the Library of Congress American Memory Project and the Nebraska State Historical Society, integrates two Nebraska State Historical Society collections that illustrate the story of settlement on the Great Plains from 1862 to 1912. The 3,000 glass plate negatives from the Solomon Butcher photograph collection depict everyday life in central Nebraska, with images of businesses, farms, people, churches, and fairs in Custer, Buffalo, Dawson, and Cherry counties. Each photograph is accompanied by a 10-15 word caption as well as notes on the date, place, and medium of the photograph. The approximately 3,000 pages of Oblinger family letters describe the trials of establishing a homestead in Nebraska and everyday life on the Great Plains as they follow the Uriah Oblinger familyıs sojourns in Indiana, Nebraska, Minnesota, Kansas, and Missouri. They discuss such topics as land, work, neighbors, crops, religious meetings, problems with grasshoppers, financial troubles, and Nebraskaıs Easter Blizzard of 1873. An Oblinger family tree offers a collage of 11 family photographs with an image key and captions that include links to brief (30-50 word) biographies of family members. An approximately 1000-word essay describes the letter collection and the lives of the principal correspondents and offers 12 images of family members and documents. Biographical notes of about 30-50 words are also available for over 80 of the people who corresponded with the Oblingers or who were mentioned in the letters. This very special collection is ideal for students or teachers interested in learning about the settlement of the Great Plains and everyday lives in the Midwest. Railroad Maps, 1828-1900 This Library of Congress American Memory site features images and descriptions of 623 railroad maps selected from more than 3000 regional, state, and county maps in the Libraryıs Geography and Map Division. The selected items represent the variety of cartographic styles and techniques used in maps created for a range of purposes, including railroad surveys, U.S. General Land Office maps, surveys for rights of way, general surveys for railroad company reports, maps used by commercial publications, ticket agents and the public, and route guides to encourage commerce and travel by rail. The maps on this site were featured in the cartobibliography Railroad Maps of the United States: A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Original 19th Century Maps in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress, compiled by Andrew M. Modelski (1975). A descriptive summary of 50-100 words and notes on the scale, publication place and date, medium, call numbers, and repository accompany each image. The site also includes a lengthy (3000-word) essay outlining the history of railroads and maps, a bibliography of eight related works, and links to 15 American Memory sites containing related materials. The site can be searched by keyword and browsed by geographic location, subject, map creator, title, and railroad lines. This site is ideal for students and teachers interested in the history of railroads, cartography, and transportation in the United States. The South Texas Border, 1900-1920: Photographs from the Robert Runyon Collection The General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin A collection featuring the lifeıs work of commercial photographer Robert Runyon (1881-1968), totalling more than 8,000 images, that document the history and development of South Texas and the border, including the U.S. military presence in the area prior to and during World War I and the growth and development of the Rio Grande Valley in the early 1900s. A special section presents nine of Runyonıs 350 photographs of the Mexican Revolution (1910-20) in Matamoros, Monterrey, Ciudad Victoria, and the Texas border area from 1913 through 1916. Includes a 900-word essay on the Revolution and a 1,100-word biographical essay on Runyon. An Ameritech Award Winner. Of use to those studying the history of documentary photography, images of the Mexican Revolution, and Texas history. The Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures This site features 68 motion pictures of the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Revolution produced by the Edison Manufacturing Company and the American Mutoscope & Biograph Company between 1898 and 1901. These films include footage of troops, ships, notable figures, and parades shot in the U.S., Cuba, and the Philippines, in addition to reenactments of battles and related events. A Special Presentation puts the motion pictures in chronological order; brief essays provide a historical context for their filming. This site is indexed by subject and searchable by keyword, and includes a link to resources and documents pertaining to the war in the Libraryıs Hispanic Division. Westward by Sea: A Maritime Perspective on American Expansion, 1820-1890 Mystic Seaport Museum and Library Focusing on 19th-century American maritime history and westward expansion, this collection of more than 160 documents from the Mystic Seaport Museum and Library provides diverse materials to explore themes such as the California Gold Rush, whaling, maritime business, migration and immigration, womenıs role in the West, and interactions between European migrants and native inhabitants. This Ameritech Award-winning site includes more than 25 photographs, more than 20 letters, logbooks from ships, published travel narratives, paintings, maps, and nautical charts. Provides four essays published previously in a Mystic Seaport publication, including an 1866 newspaper essay assessing Honolulu as a whaling port by youthful journalist Mark Twain. The site is searchable by subject, name, title, and keyword, and includes an annotated bibliography of hundreds of documents in the Seaportıs collections, and of 65 secondary sources. Valuable for those studying the American West, maritime history, business history, and the history of coastal and island localities. Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Central Pacific Railroad Museum On May 10, 1869, in Promontory Summit, Utah, a rail line from Sacramento, California met with another line from Omaha, Nebraska. When the last spike was driven, the Central Pacific became the first transcontinental railroad. This site provides a vast collection of online materials documenting the history of the Central Pacific Railroad and rail travel in general, as well as material on the history of photography. The site boasts more than 2000 photographs and images, including stereographs by Alfred Hart and Eadweard Muybridge; engravings and illustrations from magazines, travel brochures, and journals; and more than 400 railroad and travel maps. Also included are more than 60 links to images and transcriptions of primary documents dealing with the construction and operation of the railroad, including government reports, travel accounts and diaries, magazine and journal articles, travel guides, and railroad schedules. A separate section documents the Chinese-American contribution to the transcontinental railroad, including four scholarly articles, two links to Harperıs Weekly articles and illustrations about Chinese workers, a bibliography of 15 scholarly works, and links to more than 20 related websites. Timelines on the building of the transcontinental railroad from 1838 to 1869, the history of photography from 1826 to 1992, and the development of the railroad from 1630 to 1986 also help to contextualize the history of the railroad in America. The volume of information on the home pages make this site slow loading, unwieldy, and confusing to navigate, and there are no descriptive captions or other information on most of the images. But the site is keyword searchable, and for those interested in the history of railroads, this site is certainly worth the time. Crossing the Frontier: Photographs of the Developing West, 1849 to the Present Sandra Phillips, Curator of Photography, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art This online exhibit, created by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art as a companion to a 1997 San Francisco Museum exhibit, features more than 50 images of the American West from 1849 to the present. These photographs document changes in the way photographers have depicted the American West from the era of exploration and settlement to the development and urbanization of the region. The siteıs Exhibition Galleries group the photographs into six themes: Surveying the Land and Building the Railroad; Mining and Oil Extraction; The Open Land; The Growth of Cities and Recreational Use of the Land; The Developed West; and Agriculture, Water, and Lumber. Each theme offers a brief (350-500 word) introduction to the photographs. A "Discussions" section features six short (roughly 250 words) commentaries from prominent curators, historians, and artists on subjects including whether the photographs actually represent art, the development of western lands, and railscapes and western nostalgia in the photographs. Visitors may post responses to the scholarsı opinions. An "Educational Resources" section offers seven very brief (roughly 150 words) general ideas for using the online exhibit in the classroom, including ideas about creating a own local history exhibition, documenting local or family history, and recreating some of the exhibitionıs scenes in photography class. These classroom ideas can be adapted to any age group from elementary to secondary school. Though the information on this site is somewhat limited in scope, it provides exceptional images for students and teachers studying the American West, its growth, and urbanization. Death of the Dream: Farmhouses in the Heartland Twin Cities Public Television This website is a companion to the one-hour Public Broadcasting System documentary Death of the Dream: Farmhouses in the Heartland, produced by Chuck Olsen of Twin Cities Public Television. The film and website were inspired by photographer and essayist William Gablerıs book of the same title, and depict the first settlements, rise, flourishing, and decline of the farm houses of the midwestern prairie. The Homes on the Prairie section includes a lengthy (roughly 1500-word) narrative about the history of the settlement and rural culture that developed in the midwest, along with descriptions and 15 images of the different kinds of architecture found on the prairie. The Literary Collection category provides 13 links to poems, essays, and excerpts from novels that capture the character of the midwest farm life. Another section offers a virtual tour of a classic "L" shaped farmhouse, from the porch to the kitchen, parlor, and bedrooms. The site also contains a bibliography of five scholarly books on the midwest and rural farm life, links to seven websites on similar topics, and a bibliography of ten essays and photographic essay works about rural midwestern life. Though this site provides no primary documents, it is a good site for gathering general information on the midwest, rural life, and vernacular architecture. The Great Chicago Fire and the Web of Memory Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University This exhibit, curated by Carl Smith, a professor at Northwestern University, commemorates the 125th anniversary of the Great Chicago Fire (1871). Offers an array of primary sources selected from materials in the Chicago Historical Society and arranged into two sections. "The Great Chicago Fire" examines the fire through five chronological chapters, while a second section, "The Web of Memory," focuses more specifically on the ways in which the fire has been remembered. This section is organized into six chapters, each devoted to a particular theme, including eyewitness accounts, popular illustrations, journal articles, "imaginative forms such as fiction and poetry and painting," and the legend of Mrs. OıLeary. Both sections furnish galleries of images and artifacts, primary texts, "special media" such as songs, a newsreel, and an "Interactive Panorama of Chicago, 1858," and chapter-specific, authoritative background essays that explore the social and cultural contexts of this catastrophe. Also includes a bibliography of 20 sources. A well-designed site that provides a wide range of diverse sources useful for studying Chicago in late 19th century and the ways that the story of the catastrophe subsequently has been told. American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Part of the Library of Congress American Memory project, created in collaboration with the University of Washington Libraries, this digital archive includes more than 2300 photographs and 7700 pages of text illustrating the everyday lives of American Indians in the Northwest Coast and Plateau regions of the Pacific Northwest. The materials illustrate the American Indiansı housing, clothing, crafts, transportation, education, employment, and other aspects of everyday life. Items were drawn from the collections of the University of Washington Libraries, the Cheney Cowles Museum/Eastern Washington State Historical Society in Spokane, and the Museum of History and Industry in Seattle. Each item included in the collection is accompanied by information on the source, medium, repository, catalog information, and other descriptive notes of interest. The site also offers ten 2500-word essays authored by anthropologists on specific tribal groups and cross-cultural topics that help K-12 students and teachers understand and effectively use the sources in the collection. Also included are 14 maps of the featured regions and ten links to related American Memory exhibits and collections. The site is searchable by keyword and can be browsed by subject, geographic location, and author/photographer. It is ideal for students and teachers exploring the lives of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest. History of the Cherokee Ken Martin Created by a tribal member of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. From five sections‹History; Images and Maps; Genealogy: Cherokee and other Native Americans; Books and Newspapers; and Related Links‹users can access excerpts from 12 historical texts; 18 images dealing with Cherokee history; and seven maps. In addition, the site provides a bibliography of 18 books and newspapers on Cherokee history; information on seven relevant booksellers; and 43 links on such topics as Cherokee genealogy, language, and tribal organizations. A useful starting point for those interested in Cherokee history and culture. NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art Tara Prindle This site is dedicated to the history and continuing development of Native American technology and arts. It is designed and maintained by Tara Prindle, an archeologist on the Program and Events Committee of the Nipmuc Indian Association of Connecticut. A 500-word historical essay and five to ten illustrated descriptions of techniques introduce each of the 12 sections, including beadwork, stonework and tools, pottery, poetry, and food. A section on beadwork presents seven photos of 18th-century beadwork alongside six technical drawings. For five different kinds of beadwork, from bone to glass, the site provides between ten and 100 illustrations of beads. A section on wigwams contains nine pages of writings about wigwams from the 17th century as well as a photographic guide to building your own wigwam. Special features include more than 50 links to sites about Ojibwe language, history, art, and culture and a collection of illustrated essays (400-1,500 words) about Seminole menıs clothing. Links to 58 sites about contemporary issues in Native American art, such as counterfeiting, and more than 100 Native American clubs and message boards. A useful site for research in Native American cultural and material history. The Oregon Trail Mike Trinklein and Steve Boettcher, Professors of History, Idaho State University This site was created by Idaho State University professors Mike Trinklein and Steve Boettcher as a companion to their PBS documentary, The Oregon Trail. The website describes the history of the Trail and the settlers who used it to migrate to the Oregon Territory beginning in the early 1840s. It is divided into five sections: general information about the history of the Oregon Trail; historic sites along the Trail; facts and statistics; full-text archive; and "Shop the Oregon Trail." The archive includes full texts of six diaries, seven memoirs, and five period books about journeys along the Trail. The sits also contains roughly 30 video clips of historians discussing the history of the Trail and a virtual field trip of the Trailıs top sites. There is an online teacherıs guide that was designed as a companion to the documentary video, but its discussion topics and activities can be adapted for classroom use. The site is easy to navigate and has a keyword search feature. Photographs of the American West, 1861-1912 National Archives and Records Administration This National Archives and Records Administration site features 196 photographs that document westward migration and the development of Americaıs western frontier. These photographs were drawn from the records of federal bureaus and offices, such as the Bureau of Land Management, Indian Affairs, Weather, Fish and Wildlife Service, Corps of Engineers, and the Forest Service. Featured images, taken between 1861 and 1912, capture special events and everyday life on the frontier, from Native American peoples and villages, to military maneuvers, to laborers and businessmen at work. A 15-25 word caption, the name of the photographer, and date (if available) accompany each photograph. Listings are arranged by subject and chronologically under each subject. An index lists the photographs by state. For those exploring the history of the American West, this is an ideal resource for illustrations. A War in Perspective: Public Appeals, Memory, and the Spanish-American Conflict Alfonso W. Quiroz, Curator, Professor of History, Baruch College and Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York Part of a series of exhibitions and programs at eight cultural and academic institutions in the metropolitan New York area, this exhibit was curated for the New York Public Library by Professor Alfonso W. Quiroz. Designed to commemorate the centenary of the Spanish-American War, the site explores the patriotic appeals in newspapers, pamphlets, popular literature, maps, music, political cartoons, images, and motion pictures. It traces the sources of these public campaigns and perceptions of the war in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Spain, and the United States, and how these campaigns contributed to popular sentiments about the conflict. The exhibit is divided into five parts: Antecedents (1895-98); Public Appeals (1898); Popular Participation (1898-99); Public Memories; and Historical Perspectives. Each section contains text and approximately five to ten images. There are also chronologies of the Spanish-Cuban-American War (1895-98), the Spanish-American War (1898), and the Philippine-American War (1899-1902). An exhibition checklist gives a list and 25-word descriptions of items in the exhibit. There is a bibliography of 26 scholarly works on the Spanish-American War as well as links to 13 other Web exhibits related to the war. The site contains no index or keyword search mechanism, which makes searching for specific topics somewhat cumbersome, but it is a good source for research on war and memory and the Spanish-American War. WestWeb: Western Studies and Research Resources Professor, Catherine Lavender, College of Staten Island (CUNY) This gateway offers a wide range of links to primary and secondary documents, bibliographies, maps, images, and other resources for the study and teaching of the American West. Its 31 topics include agriculture, economics, the environment, ethnicity, gender and sexuality, military history, political and legal history, religion, settlement, technology, and water. Also highlights six selected "outstanding sites." Well-designed, comprehensive, and easy to navigate, the site also furnishes syllabi and additional teaching materials and suggestions. Women Artists of the American West Peter E. Palmquist, Curator, Women in Photography Archive This online archive features images of photographs taken by women that represent the holdings of the Women in Photography Archives located in Arcata, California. Most of the photographs in the collection are the work of women photographers who were active between 1850 and 1910 and who had some connection with the American West, particularly California. The introductory gallery provides nine photographs and advertisements by women. But the majority of the collection can be accessed through links in two essays entitled "One Hundred Years of California Photography by Women: 1850-1950" and "Women Photographers and Native Americans" by website author Peter Palmquist. The essays are approximately 1000 words in length and include links to brief (approximately 250-word) biographies of more than 25 artists and more than 150 of their photographs. The title, date, and photographer accompany all photographs, and approximately 30 of the images have brief (roughly 500-word) essays contextualizing the photograph. The site also features a selected bibliography of more than 30 scholarly works; links to four other "Women Artists of the American West" websites; and a chat room in which visitors can read essays by artists and scholars and participate in scheduled online discussions. The site allows students and teachers to illustrate the history of the American West through the work of a wide range of women photographers. TURN OF THE CENTURY CITY America at Work, America at Leisure: Motion Pictures from 1894-1915 This American Memory exhibit features 150 motion pictures dealing with work, school, and leisure activities in the United States from 1894 to 1915. The films include footage of the United States Postal Service in 1903, cattle breeding, fire fighters, ice manufacturing, logging, physical education classes in schools, amusement parks, sporting events, and local festivals and parades. Each film is accompanied by a 25-50 word summary of its contents, notes on copyright, media, duration of the film, and the collection and call numbers in which the original film is housed. A special presentation provides more information on the three categories: America at school, at work, and at leisure. Essays of roughly 1000-words provide context and general descriptions of the films in each category, offer 15 illustrative photographs, and provide links to the lists of films under each subject heading. A 27-work selected bibliography provides suggestions for further reading on American labor, education, and leisure, and there are also links to four related American Memory sites. The site is keyword searchable or can be browsed by title and subject. For those interested in popular culture, labor, or education in the early 20th century, this site is useful. American Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920: A Study Collection from the Harvard Graduate School of Design This Library of Congress American Memory site features more than 2800 lantern slides representing the work of American landscape and architectural designers from 1850 to 1920. The slides are drawn from the Frances Loeb Library, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University. Featured designers include Harvard Landscape and Architectural faculty members Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., Bremer F. Pond, and James Sturgis Pray, as well as other American designers like Charles Downing Lay and M.S. Sayer. Images include views of cities, buildings, parks, estates, gardens, and houses throughout the country. Information on the location, source, collection, date, and repository of the original image accompanies each slide. Also included on the site are facsimiles of 275 building and garden plans, 219 maps, and eight models of various locations. Brief (roughly 500-word) essays and over 20 images outline the work of Charles Downing Lay, M.S. Sayer, and Frederick Law Olmsted. The site also offers a bibliography of 11 works related to photographs of architecture and landscape design; a 1000-word essay with 18 photographs of Harvard buildings from 1860 to 1905; and a 750-word essay on the history and manufacture of lantern slides. This site provides a variety of images for those interested in examining American architecture and landscape design in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The American Variety Stage: Vaudeville and Popular Entertainment, 1870-1920 This collection documents the development of vaudeville and other popular entertainment forms from the 1870s to the 1920s. It includes 334 English- and Yiddish-language playscripts, 146 theater programs and playbills, 61 motion pictures, and 10 sound recordings. This site also features 143 photos and 29 memorabilia items documenting the life and career of magician Harry Houdini and an essay with links to specific items entitled "Houdini: A Biographical Chronology." Search by keyword or browse the subject and author indexes. The site is linked to the Library of Congress Exhibition "Bob Hope and American Variety." Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897-1916 Part of the Library of Congress American Memory project, this site features 26 films of San Francisco, produced from 1897 to 1916, both before and after the Great Earthquake and fire. Seventeen of the films depict life in San Francisco before the 1906 disaster, including an arrest in Chinatown, a panoramic view of the city from a balloon, and various other scenes of buildings and special attractions in the city. Seven films describe the earthquake and fire, and two films show a rebuilt city and give a tour of the Panama Pacific Exposition of 1915. Each film includes a roughly 500-word descriptive summary of the contents of the film. The site also includes a 250-word descriptive essay on pre-earthquake San Francisco and an approximately 750-word essay on America at the turn of the 20th century. A selected bibliography notes 32 scholarly works on San Franciscoıs earthquake. This site is keyword searchable and contains a subject index and an alphabetical list of film titles. For those exploring San Franciscoıs history, urban history, or natural disasters, this is a useful site. Inside an American Factory: Films of the Westinghouse Works, 1904 This exhibit includes 21 "actuality" films from the Libraryıs Westinghouse Works Collection. Actuality films were motion pictures that were produced on flip cards, also known as mutoscopes. These films, made by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in 1904, were intended to showcase the companyıs operations and feature the Westinghouse Air Brake Company, the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, and the Westinghouse Machine Company. They were shown daily in the Westinghouse Auditorium at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis. Brief (roughly 500-word) descriptive narratives accompany each film, along with three to five photographs of factory exteriors and interiors and male and female workers performing their duties. A timeline traces the history of the Westinghouse companies from the birth of founder George Westinghouse in 1846 to Westinghouseıs last patent, awarded four years after his death in 1918. Another link offers a Wilmerding News article, dated September 2, 1904, about life in Wilmerding, Pennsylvania, "the ideal home town," where the Westinghouse Air Brake factory was located. A bibliography of 18 scholarly works on Westinghouse and manufacturing in America is also included. The easily-navigable site is keyword searchable and can be browsed by subject. It is a good resource for information on labor and manufacturing in early 20th-century America, as well as on early film. Inventing Entertainment: The Early Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies This excellent site features 341 motion pictures, 81 disc sound recordings, and other related materials, such as photographs and original magazine articles documenting Thomas Edisonıs corporate impact on the history of American entertainment. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)‹prolific inventor, manufacturer, and businessman‹patented 1,093 inventions, including the phonograph, the kinetograph (a motion picture camera), and the kinetoscope (a motion picture viewer). All are searchable by keyword, title, or subject; movies are presented in QuickTime, Mpeg and RealMedia formats and a capsule description of each film is provided. Special pages focus on the life of the great inventor and histories of Edisonıs contribution to motion picture and sound recording technologies. Part of the American Memory Collection at the Library of Congress, drawn from collections in the Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division. The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898-1906 Part of the Library of Congress American Memory project, this site offers 45 films of New York City, 1898 to 1906, from the Paper Print Collection of the Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division. Subjects of these films include buildings, parades, everyday activities like delivering newspapers, emigrants landing on Ellis Island, and the interior of a subway. Each film is accompanied by a 75-100 word summary of the filmıs contents and notes on the duration of the film, the cameramanıs name, filming location, date filmed, and the call number and location information for the original film. The site also offers a 500-word essay on New York City at the turn of the century; a 750-word essay about America at the turn of the century; and a 200-word essay on the career of "Pioneer Cameramen" of the era. A "Learn More About It" section includes links to ten other American Memory resources and related exhibits, and selected bibliographies offer 24 works on the history of New York City and 14 works on the history of motion pictures. Visitors can search the site by keyword and browse by subject and film title. Though somewhat limited in scope, this site is ideal for those interested in urban history, the history of New York, or the early motion picture industry. Origins of American Animation This site traces the development of early American animation through a collection of 21 animated films from the years 1900 to 1921. The films, including several media‹clay, puppet, cut-out animation, and pen drawings‹indicate the "connection between newspaper comic strips and early animated films." In addition, these "tiny, often satiric, films tell much about the social fabric of World War I-era America." Films can be viewed in RealMedia, MPEG, or Quick Time formats. Part of the American Memory Collection at the Library of Congress, drawn from collections in the Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division. Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920 The Detroit Publishing Company was a mass producer of photographic images‹especially color postcards, prints, and albums‹for the American market from the late 1890s to 1924, the year it went into receivership. This collection of more than 25,000 glass negatives and transparencies and about 300 color photolithograph prints also includes images taken prior to the establishment of the company by landscape photographer William Henry Jackson, who joined the company in 1897 and became its president the following year. Jacksonıs earlier work documenting western sites influenced the conservation movement and influenced the establishment of various national parks, including Yellowstone. Although many images in this collection were taken in eastern locations, other areas of the U.S., the Americas, and Europe are represented. The collection specializes in views of buildings, streets, colleges, universities, natural landmarks, resorts, and copies of paintings. More than 300 photographs were taken in Cuba during the period of the Spanish-American War. About 900 Mammoth Plate Photographs include views taken by Jackson of Hopi peoples and their crafts, landscapes along several railroad lines in the United States and Mexico in the 1880s and 1890s, and at other sites in California and Wyoming; and by Henry Greenwood Peabody of the Canadian Rockies. Ad*Access, Duke University, John W. Hartmann Center Digital Scriptorium, Duke University This well-developed, easily navigated site presents images and database information for more than 7,000 advertisements printed primarily in the United States from 1911 to 1955. Material is drawn from the J. Walter Thompson Company Competitive Advertisements Collection of the John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising, and Marketing History at Duke University. The advertisements are divided into five main subjects areas: Radio (including radios, radio parts, and radio programs); Television (including television sets and programs); Transportation (including airlines, rental cars, buses, trains and ships); Beauty and Hygiene (including cosmetics, soaps, and shaving supplies); and World War II (U.S. Government, such as V-mail or bond drives). The ads are searchable by keyword, type of illustration, and special features. A timeline from 1915 to 1955 provides general context for the ads with a chronology of major events. "About Ad Access" provides an overview of advertising history and the Duke collection, as well as a bibliography and list of advertising repositories in the U.S. Excellent archive of primary documents for students of consumer and popular culture. City Sites: Multimedia Essays on New York and Chicago, 1870s-1930s University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, United Kingdom An "electronic book," composed of 10 multimedia essays by European and American scholars on modern urban culture in New York and Chicago. Hyperlinks allow readers to navigate thematically between essays. Ranging in length from 6,000 to 12,000 words, these essays explicitly use recent literary theory to explore urban landscapes, representations, and history. Visitors may follow particular "pathways" across essays for topics relating to architecture, leisure, race, and space. The New York essays deal with the following subjects: Harlem as refuge and ghetto in modernist art and writing; Times Square as represented in New Yearıs celebrations; modern ways of seeing revealed in images of the Flatiron Building; an examination of the work of architectural illustrator Hugh Ferris in order to uncover "ways in which the modern imagination expressed itself through architectural discourse"; and tensions between turn-of-the-century representations of the Lower East Side by reformers and others. Chicago essays cover the portrayal of African-American urban styles in the art of Archibald Motley, Jr.; ways the city has been represented as a "gateway"; how urban identities are constructed and experiences portrayed in the novel Sister Carrie; ways that racial difference has been iterated in various discursive fields to shape national identity; and Maxwell Street as a site where urban renewal has displaced distinctive ethnic neighborhood cultures. Essays include dozens of photographs and multimedia displays. Includes a bibliography of more than 400 titles. As a demonstration of "ways in which new multimedia technologies can enhance conventional scholarly understandings of urban culture," this site may represent the shape of things to come in some scholarly fields. Part of The 3Cities Project (see separate "History Matters" entry for description of larger site). From Hogan's Alley to Coconino County: Four Narratives of the Early Comic Strip American Quarterly Hypertext Scholarship in American Studies and David Westbrook This Web site concerns itself with the turn-of-the-century American newspaper comic strip. Itıs divided into five sections: The Business of the Strips, The Culture of the Marketplace in the Early Comic Strip, Spectatorship and Framing in the Early Comic Strip, A Strip of Strips: Browse by Cartoon, and a Bibliography. How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York David Phillips, Assistant Professor, Bennington College This site presents the hypertext edition of urban reformer Jacob A. Riis's landmark book, How the Other Half Lives, an important document in American urban and immigrant history first published in 1890. The site contains the full text, as well as the original 44 illustrations, but has "reformatted Riisıs original long list of statistical information into a more comprehensible set of statistical tables." A useful resource for the study of urban and ethnic history and American reform efforts, as well as the history of photography and journalistic writings. Magic, Illusion, and Detection in Turn of the Century America Professor Michael OıMalley, George Mason University A syllabus and collection of documents for a course in American culture at the turn of the 20th century, exploring "two simultaneous tendencies in American life": fascination with "personal transformation‹with self making, with economic mobility, and also the difference between the real and the fake"; and the emergence of detection "and the wide range of new techniques‹like fingerprints, mug shots, and criminology generally‹designed to pin down identity." Presents an array of primary material designed to examine these tendencies, organized in four excursions to an urban newsstand, a saloon, a theater, and a police station. Includes the Horatio Alger novel, Ragged Dick; 14 early motion pictures produced between 1897 and 1905; images depicting various "sciences" of detection used by urban police departments; photographs of saloons and crime scenes; an interview and audio file of pianist and composer Eubie Blake on ragtime music; an excerpt from the 1899 book Vitalogy, on achieving "vigorous manhood"; and posters from urban minstrel shows. Also gives a bibliography drawn from course readings. New York, NY, Ellis Island--Immigration: 1900-1920 California Museum of Photography, University of California, Riverside These 24 stereoscopic photographs of Ellis Island are produced for sale primarily to schools and libraries. Includes an "air" view of Ellis Island; boats unloading European immigrants; and American officials examining female immigrants. The photographs include captions, but no material accompanies them other than a 150-word introductory essay. The photographs are part of the Keystone-Mast Collection at the California Museum of Photography (UC Riverside), one of the worldıs largest holdings of historic stereographic negatives and prints. Political Cartoons and Cartoonists Jim Zwick, American Studies scholar This collection of late 19th and early 20th century political cartoons includes a 5,000-word scholarly essay by the siteıs editor on the history of the genre. The site provides 12 contemporary biographies and autobiographies and eight self-portraits in cartoon form of prominent cartoonists of the 1890s and early 1900s. A collection of six five- to ten-page articles about political cartoons written between 1901 and 1913 offer contemporary perspectives on the work collected here. Political cartoons available on the site include more than 20 by Thomas Nast, more than 70 about Woman Suffrage (both pro and anti), 15 about Teddy Roosevelt, and nearly 30 about U.S. Imperialism. The site provides the entire text of Our Political Drama, published in 1904, a 230-page anecdotal history of American political campaigns with six chapters on the development and use of cartoons in campaigns. Also presented here are five eight-page transcripts of "Chalk-Talks," illustrated comedy routines performed by public lecturer and cartoonist J.W. Bengough in 1922, a collection of cartoons produced by 46 artists for the Liberty Loan campaign in 1918, and Congressman Pumphrey, the Peopleıs Friend, a 125-page cartoon satire of political corruption published in 1907. The site will be useful for research on political cartoons and cartoonists, the Woman Suffrage movement, and American imperialism. GREAT DEPRESSION, THE NEW DEAL, AND WORLD WAR II Ansel Adams's Photographs of Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar During World War II, the U.S. Government forced more than 100,000 Japanese Americans to leave their homes and businesses, relocating them to interment camps from California to Arkansas. Well-known photographer Ansel Adams documented the lives of Japanese Americans at the Manzanar War Relocation Center in California‹ from portraits to daily life, including agriculture and leisure. This site presents 242 original negatives and 209 photographic prints. These are often presented together, showing Adamıs developing and cropping techniques. This website also offers a digital version of Adamıs 112-page book on Manzanar, published in 1944, Born Free and Equal. Adams donated the collection to the Library of Congress in 1965, writing, " The purpose of my work was to show how these people, suffering under a great injustice. . . .had overcome the sense of defeat and dispair [sic] by building for themselves a vital community in an arid (but magnificent) environment." Valuable for those studying the World War II homefront, discrimination, Asian Americans, and photography. America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945 This site features more than 100,000 images taken by government photographers with the Farm Security Administration (FSA) and the Office of War Information (OWI) during the New Deal and World War II eras. These images document the ravages of the Great Depression on farmers, scenes of everyday life in small towns and cities, and, in later years, mobilization campaigns for World War II. This site includes approximately 1,600 color photographs and selections from two extremely popular collections: "ŒMigrant Motherı Photographs" and "Photographs of Signs Enforcing Racial Discrimination." The site also provides a bibliography, a background essay of about 500 words, seven short biographical sketches of FSA-OWI photographers, links to seven related sites, and three essays on cataloging and digitizing the collection. The photographs are searchable by keyword and arranged into a subject index. Architecture and Interior Design for 20th Century America: Photographs by Samuel Gottscho and William Schleisner, 1935-1955 A photo archive of more than 29,000 images, produced by architectural photographers Samuel Gottscho and William Schleisner. Gottscho and Schleisner were commissioned to document the work of architects, sculptors, and artists for individuals and institutional clients, such as House Beautiful and House and Garden magazines. The collection specializes in views taken primarily in the northeastern United States‹many in the New York City area‹and in Florida. Subjects include homes, stores, offices, factories, and historic buildings. Also of note are 100 color images of the 1939-1940 New York Worldıs Fair. As the introductory text points out, the assembled group of photographs can "serve as a document of social change from a particular vantage point of the middle and upper classes of society." Built in America: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record, 1933-Present National Parks Service Provides facsimile images of measured drawings, photographs, and written documentation for 10,000 historic sites dating from the 17th to the 20th century. The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), begun in 1933 as a work relief program, became a permanent part of the National Park Service the following year to document "achievements in architecture, engineering, and design in the United States and its territories". The Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) was established in 1969 to similarly survey engineering works and industrial sites. The collection displays building types and engineering technologies from a farmhouse to a pickle factory, from churches to the Golden Gate Bridge. A special gallery of selected images includes 37 photographs and 18 drawings of 51 structures, one from each state and the District of Columbia. The site is searchable by geographic location, keyword, and a subject index organized by structure type. For each structure, the site provides from one to ten drawings, from one to 30 photographs, and from one to 50 pages of HABS text in facsimile detailing the structureıs history, significance, and current physical condition. Useful for architectural historians or for those studying the development of building styles and strategies. By the People, For the People: Posters from the WPA, 1936-1943 This colorful online exhibit, part of the Library of Congress American Memory project, showcases more than 900 original Works Project Administration posters produced from 1936 to 1943 as part of Franklin D. Rooseveltıs New Deal program to support the arts. The silkscreen, lithograph, and woodcut posters were designed to publicize health and safety programs, art exhibits, theatrical and musical performances, travel and tourism, educational programs, and community activities in 17 states and the District of Columbia. Each poster is accompanied by very brief (15-20 word) descriptions and notes on the artist, date, and place produced. Three "Special Presentations" include: more than 40 posters selected to represent the collectionıs breadth and depth and the postersı styles and content; an audio recording of a 1994 interview with WPA silkscreen artist Tony Velonis; and images of a Federal Arts Project calendar created by the New York City Poster Division in 1938. A bibliography of ten related scholarly works is also included. The site is keyword searchable and browsable by subject and artist/creator, and is ideal for exploring Depression-era works projects, popular culture, and the arts through visual sources. William P. Gottlieb: Photographs from the Golden Age of Jazz The New York and Washington, D.C., jazz scene from 1938 to 1948, documented in more than 1,600 photographs by writer-photographer William P. Gottlieb (b. 1917). During the course of his career, Gottlieb took portraits of prominent jazz musicians‹including Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Billie Holiday, Dizzy Gillespie, Earl Hines, Thelonious Monk, Ella Fitzgerald, and Benny Carter‹and legendary venues, such as 52nd Street, the Apollo Theatre, Cafe Society, the Starlight Roof, and Zanzibar. The site also features approximately 170 related articles by Gottlieb from Down Beat magazine; 16 photographs accompanied by Gottliebıs audio commentary on various assignments; a 4,300-word biography based on oral histories; and a 36-title bibliography. Extremely valuable for jazz fans, music historians, musicians, and those interested in urban popular culture. Washington As It Was: Photographs by Theodor Horydczak, 1923-1959 Presents approximately 14,350 photographs by Theodor Horydczak (1890-1971), most of which document the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area between the 1920s and 1950s. Subjects include the architecture and interiors of government, commercial, and residential buildings; views of streets and neighborhoods; images of work and leisure; and events such as the 1932 Bonus March and the 1933 World Series. Also includes a limited number of shots taken in other U.S. locations and in Canada and a background essay, "Discovering Theodor Horydczakıs Washington." Provides visual documentation of official and everyday life in the nationıs capital and its environs. "I Always Had Pads with Me": A G.I. Artist's Sketchpad, 1943-1944 In the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor and the declaration of war, thousands of Americans enlisted in the U.S. armed forces. Among them was twenty-year-old Bronx resident Ben Hurwitz. Like many of the men and women who entered military service, Hurwitz (who changed his name to Brown after the war) kept a record of his experiences. But his "journal" was a sketchpad, and, during his two years in North Africa and Italy, Corporal Hurwitz drew and painted at every opportunity. Hurwitzıs pictures are accompanied by the artistıs commentary transcribed by historian Joshua Brown in November 1996. Sketches used with permission of Eleanor A. Brown. FDR Cartoon Archive Niskayuna High School, New York A continuing project of high school history and science classes, this site presents thousands of political cartoons concerning the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Selected from the collection at the Hyde Park Presidential Library of Basil OıConner‹Rooseveltıs New York City law partner‹the materials are arranged into eight subject categories and often include brief background essays and questions designed to prompt further inquiries. Periods currently emphasized include 1932, "The Road to Pennsylvania Avenue"; 1937, "The Supreme Court"; and 1943, "The War Years." Well-conceived and executed, the site also gives the texts of Rooseveltıs inaugural addresses and a page of teacher resources and suggested projects. Hiroshima Archive Mayu Tsuruya, Lewis and Clark College Designed originally "to join the online effort made by many people all over the world to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing" of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, this site is composed of two sections. A three-part photo gallery presents 60 images from the work of the esteemed Japanese photographer Hiromi Tsuchida of surviving trees, buildings, and bridges; of survivors, whose words describing their experiences the day of the bombing are included; and of surviving objects currently in the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum collection with accompanying descriptions. Many of the more than 100 links to additional resources are no longer operational, but the site will be valuable to those interested in practices of historical memory in the atomic age. Labor Arts Donald Rubin, Evelyn Jones Rich, et al. A modestly-sized exhibition of visual materials from a variety of labor-related organizations that focuses on a variety of ways artists and others have celebrated working people and labor unions in 20th-century America. Includes 44 photographs, 19 images of leaflets and pamphlets, 13 buttons, badges, and ribbons, 25 examples of cartoon art, eight songbook and sheet music covers, six images from murals, and nine covers from the journal Labor Defender. Covers themes of workers at work, strikes, parades, demonstrations, and the civil rights movement. Provides exhibits on original art depicting labor, the New York City "culture of solidarity," and the early struggles of the Hotel and Motel Trades Council. Materials are identified with short descriptions of up to 100 words. Offers links to 61 related sites. Useful for those studying political uses of visual culture in 20th-century America. The New Deal Network Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Institute for Learning Technologies, Teachers College, Columbia University A database of more than 20,000 items relating to the New Deal. A "Document Library" contains more than 700 newspaper and journal articles, speeches, letters, reports, advertisements, and other textual materials, treating a broad array of subjects relevant to the periodıs social, cultural, political, and economic history, while placing special emphasis on New Deal relief agencies and issues relating to labor, education, agriculture, the Supreme Court, and African Americans. The "Photo Gallery" of more than 4,000 images is organized into five units‹"Culture," "Construction," "Social Programs," "Federal Agencies," and miscellaneous, including photos from 11 exhibitions and five series of photoessays, and images of disaster relief and public figures. The site additionally offers featured exhibits, many with lesson plan suggestions. Presently, the features section includes "The Magpie Sings the Depression," a collection of 175 poems, articles, and short stories, and 270 graphics from a Bronx high school journal published between 1929 and 1941 with juvenile works by novelist James Baldwin, photographer Richard Avedon, cultural critic Robert Warshow, and film critic Stanley Kauffmann; "Dear Mrs Roosevelt" with selected letters written by young people to the first lady; "Student Activism in the 1930s," which contains 38 photographs, graphics, and editorial cartoons, 12 American Student Union memoirs, 40 autobiographical essays, and a 20,000-word essay by Robert Cohen on 1930s campus radicalism; 17 selected interviews from American slave narratives gathered by the Works Progress Administration; and an illustrated essay on the history and social effects of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Includes approximately 100 annotated links to related sites. Of great value for teachers, students, and researchers interested in the social history of the New Deal era. Reaping the Golden Harvest: Pare Lorentz, Poet and Filmmaker University of Virginia As a part of the American Studies 1930's Project, this site offers a short biography of filmmaker Pare Lorentz and his role in the creation of the Films of Merit for the New Dealıs Resettlement Administration. The goal of the Resettlement Administration was the relocation of impoverished farm families and poor city families. In 1935, the Resettlement Administration decided to produce films as a method of getting its message to a wider segment of the public, and they hired Lorentz to be their film consultant. This site examines individually the two movies, The Plow That Broke the Plains and The River, which set the standard not simply for the rest of the Films of Merit but for American documentary films in general, as well as a third film The City, with which Lorentz was involved. An analysis of these three films, including Real Video segments of each, illustrates one type of response to the Great Depression, a response that is part of the ongoing American search for a usable past. World War II Propaganda Posters J.D. Ross Displays 31 images of posters‹most of which were commissioned by agencies of the U.S. government‹created to persuade the American public to undertake various efforts during World War II, including buying war bonds, enlisting in the armed forces, growing food crops, conserving scrap metal, making "sacrifice[s] for freedom," and remaining "on the job." Includes posters‹some by well-known artists, such as Norman Rockwell, N. C. Wyeth, and Thomas Hart Benton‹for agencies such as the Office of War Information, Army Air Force Recruitment, and the Department of Economic Stabilization. The site provides year, agency, and artist for each poster where known. "Patriotic in nature," writes the author, an independent historian, "these posters were supposed to stir up pro-American feelings, and help mobilize citizens to support the War movement." Although limited in number, these posters can be useful to those studying attempts to produce powerful, unifying images to induce citizens to contribute to the war effort. MISCELLANEOUS America's First Look into the Camera: Daguerreotype Portraits and Views, 1839-1864 This collection contains more than 650 daguerreotypes, most of them produced at the Mathew Brady studio. The Brady images include portraits of prominent public figures, including President James K. Polk, Thomas Hart Benton, Thomas Cole, and Horace Greeley. The collection also includes the earliest known images of President and Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. Those not produced by the Brady studio include a few early architectural views taken in the Washington, D.C.-Baltimore area by John Plumbe, street scenes of Philadelphia, early portraits by Robert Cornelius, and copies of painted portraits. A short introduction to the daguerreotype medium and a "Timeline of the Daguerrian Era" provide additional context for the images. A special presentation, "Mirror Images: Daguerreotypes at the Library of Congress," includes photographs from the American Colonization Society, occupational daguerreotypes, portraits, and architectural views. Useful for those studying 19th-century photography, visual culture, or art, as well as for viewing some of the earliest American photographs. American Environmental Photographs, 1891-1936: Images from the University of Chicago Library This site contains 4,500 photographs documenting natural environments, ecologies, and plant communities in the United States at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the 20th century. Produced by American botanists between 1891 and 1936, the photos describe various ecosystems and landforms across the United States. Users can search for specific plants and some animals as well as for landforms, natural events, and weather patterns. The collection is a bit odd in that it mixes genres and types‹clicking on the region "Pennsylvania " produces eight images, ranging from pictures of dogwoods to a photo of tree rings to three pictures of the Pittburgh flood. Useful as record of early envirornmental thinking as well as a docuement of vanished landscapes. An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Printed Ephemera At present, this site furnishes more than 7,000 items of ephemera‹"transitory documents created for a specific purpose, and intended to be thrown away"‹from a collection of more than 28,000 items. The Library of Congress plans to put online several thousand more items and full transcriptions in late 2001. Items are from the U.S. and London and date from the 17th century to the present, though they originate primarily from the 19th century. They include "a variety of posters, notices, advertisements, proclamations, leaflets, propaganda, manifestos, and business cards," and pertain to subjects such as the American Revolution, slavery, western migration, the Civil War, the Industrial Revolution, travel, labor concerns, education, health, and woman suffrage. Users can search by keyword or browse by author, title, genre, or printing location. Of value to those studying various forms of popular print and consumer culture that relate to issues of public concern to ordinary people. By Popular Demand: "Votes for Women" Suffrage Pictures, 1850-1920 A collection of 38 images relating to the womenıs suffrage campaign, including individual portraits, photographs of parades, newspaper cartoons, and anti-suffrage items. Searchable by keyword and arranged into subject and name indexes, the site also includes a lengthy timeline, "One Hundred Years Toward Suffrage," a bibliography, and a list of related holdings in the Library of Congress. This site is the "pictorial partner" to the documents in "ŒVotes for Womenı: Selections from the National American Woman Suffrage Collection, 1848-1920." (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawshome.html) Creative Americans: Portraits by Carl Van Vechten, 1932-1964 This collection presents 1,395 photographs by the American photographer, music and dance critic, and novelist Carl Van Vechten (1880-1964). The site consists primarily of studio portraits of celebrities, most of whom were involved in the arts, including actors, such as Marlon Brando and Paul Robeson; artists, such as Marc Chagall and Frida Kahlo; novelists, such as Theodore Dreiser and Willa Cather; singers, such as Ethel Waters and Billie Holiday; publishers, such as Alfred A. Knopf and Bennett Cerf; cultural critics, such as H. L. Mencken and Gilbert Seldes; and figures from the Harlem Renaissance, such as Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Zora Neale Hurston. More than 80 photographs capture Massachusetts and Maine landscapes and seascapes; others include eastern locations and New Mexico. Many photographs of actors present them in character roles. Searchable by keyword and arranged into subject and occupational indexes, this collection also includes a 9-title bibliography and background essay of 800 words on Van Vechtenıs life and work. A valuable collection for the documentation of the mid-20th century art scene. Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Part of the Library of Congress's American Memory online collection, this site documents the formation of the movement to conserve and protect Americaıs natural heritage through published works, manuscript documents, images, and motion picture footage drawn from the collections of the Library of Congress. The site contains 60 books and pamphlets, 140 Federal statutes and Congressional resolutions, 34 additional legislative documents, excerpts from the Congressional Globe and the Congressional Record, 360 presidential proclamations, 170 prints and photographs, two historic manuscripts, and two motion pictures. Site visitors can view such holdings as 20 Alfred Bierstadt paintings, period travel literature, a photographic record of Yosemite, Congressional acts regarding conservation and the establishment of national parks. The site provides an annotated chronology of selected events in the development of the conservation movement, with links to pertinent documents and images. The chronology is broken into six periods: 1847-1871; 1872-1889; 1890-1900; 1901-1907; 1908-1911; and 1912-1920. The site is easily navigable and is searchable by subject, author, and keyword. Ideal for researching the history of national parks, nature, and conservation movements in the United States. Fifty Years of Coca-Cola Television Advertisements This site contains highlights of Coca-Cola television advertisements from the Library of Congress Motion Picture archives, including 50 commercials, broadcast outtakes, and "experimental footage reflecting the historical development of television advertising for a major commercial product." There are five examples of stop-motion advertisements from the mid-1950s, 18 experiments with color and lighting for television ads from 1964, and well-known commercials, such as the "Hilltop" commercial featuring the song "Iıd Like to Buy the World a Coke" (1971); the "Mean Joe Greene" commercial (1979); the first "Polar Bear" commercial (1993); the "Snowflake" commercial (1999); and "First Experience," an international commercial filmed in Morocco (1999). While this site is relatively small, it provides a good resource for studying the history of post-World War II consumer culture in terms of content and technique. Map Collections: 1500-1999 This site presents a large number of maps from the 16th century to the present day focusing on Americana and "cartographic treasures." The materials are organized into seven thematic categories‹"Cities and Towns"; "Conservation and Environment"; "Discovery and Exploration"; "Cultural Landscapes"; "Military Battles and Campaigns"; "Transportation and Communication"; and "General Maps." Sections include a number of "special presentations," including essays ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 words on "George Washington: Surveyor and Mapmaker," "The 1562 Map of America by Diego Gutiérrez," and "National Atlases: Presenting the Nationıs Cultural Geography." Users may zoom in to view details and download maps. Seven specific map collections contained within this larger site are described in detail in the following History Matters entries: "Discovery and Exploration"; "The American Revolution and Its Era"; "Railroad Maps, 1828-1900"; "American Colonization Society Collection: Maps of Liberia, 1830-1870"; "Panoramic Maps, 1847-1929"; "Civil War Maps"; and "Mapping the National Parks." The 19th Century in Print: The Making of America in Books and Periodicals American Memory, Library of Congress This site, part of the Library of Congress American Memory project, features over 1500 full-text images of 19th-century books digitized by the University of Michigan and full-text transcriptions of 23 popular 19th-century periodicals digitized by the Cornell University Library and the Preservation Reformatting Division of the Library of Congress as part of the "Making of America" project. Books in the collection primarily date from 1850 to 1880 and cover such subjects as education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, science and technology, and poetry. The collection is divided into seven general themes: Civil War, Slavery and Abolition, Religion, Education, Self-Help and Self-Improvement, Travel and Westward Expansion, and Poetry. Each section opens with a 200-word descriptive essay, and each book featured on the site is accompanied by notes on the author, full title of the work, date and place of publication, and the publisher. Among the periodicals on this site are literary and political magazines, as well as journals like Scientific American, Manufacturer and Builder, Garden and Forest, and the North American Review. Each periodical is accompanied by very brief (10-15 word) notes on the name and location of the publisher and the years and volumes covered. With the temporary exception of Garden and Forest, each periodicalıs full text is searchable by keyword and phrase. A special presentation offers a roughly 750-word essay on the historical background of Garden and Forest by Sheila Connor, the Horticultural Research Archivist at the Arnold Arboretum. The site is keyword searchable and can be browsed by subject, author, and title. The site is ideal for exploring late-19th-century literature and popular culture. Panoramic Maps, 1847-1929 This site presents more than 1,000 original panoramic maps, "a popular cartographic form" during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The maps, often prepared for civic organizations, such as chambers of commerce and real estate agents to promote an areaıs commercial potential, cover the contiguous 48 states and four Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec between 1847 and 1929. While most of these maps were not drawn to scale, viewers can zoom in to find artistsı renderings of individual streets, buildings, and landscape features. The site also includes a 1,200-word history of panoramic mapping; a bibliography comprised of 24 titles; and background essays (1,000 words) and images relating to five prominent panoramic artists: Albert Ruger (1829-1899); Thadeus Mortimer Fowler (1842-1922); Oakley H. Bailey (1843-1947); Lucien R. Burleigh (1853-1923); and Henry Wellge (1850-1917). This site is an excellent resource for those studying urbanization, cities, business growth, and the art of mapmaking. Quilts and Quiltmaking in America, 1978-1996 This colorful Library of Congress American Memory site brings together selected items from two American Folklife collections, the Blue Ridge Parkway Folklife Project Collection and the "All American Quilt Contest" series, sponsored by Good Housekeeping magazine and Coming Home, a division of the direct mail retailer Landıs End. The Blue Ridge Collection consists of 229 photographs and 181 interviews recorded in 1978 with six Virginia and North Carolina quiltmakers. These items illustrate the art of quiltmaking within the context of daily life in Appalachia. The Quilt Contest materials, from contests held in 1992, 1994, and 1996, include images of approximately 180 prize winning quilts from across the U.S. The quilts represent a wide variety of styles, traditions, and materials used in the practice of the craft. The exhibit is divided into three sections. "Speaking of Quilts" offers an essay (2000 words) on the making of these two collections and the tradition of quiltmaking. "Blue Ridge Quilts" features the audio files of interviews and photographs of the six Appalachian quilters practicing their craft, along with a 500-word biography of each featured quiltmaker. Each audio clip is accompanied by brief (150-word) descriptive notes. The "Quilt Contest" section includes a roughly 2000-word essay describing the contests and featuring a gallery of images of 180 prizewinning quilts. The site offers a handy glossary of more than 50 terms and a selected bibliography of approximately 60 monographs and periodicals related to the history and craft of quiltmaking. It can be searched by keyword and browsed by quiltmakers and subjects. This beautiful site is useful for students researching American and Appalachian culture, not to mention those who simply love the art of quiltmaking. Theodore Roosevelt: His Life and Times on Film Although he was not the first president to be filmed for motion pictures, Theodore Roosevelt was the first to have his life chronicled through extensive use of the then-new medium. This site, part of the Library of Congress American Memory Collection, offers 104 films depicting events in Rooseveltıs life, from the Spanish-American War in 1898 to his death in 1919. The Theodore Roosevelt Association Collection provided 87 of the films and the remainder came from the Library of Congress Paper Print Collection of the Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recording Sound Division. The films include scenes of Roosevelt with world figures, politicians, monarchs, friends, and family members. The films are not accompanied by lengthy explanatory text; they include only a brief, 10-15 word caption describing their contents. Special presentations on this site include: a film chronology offering a timeline with 150-200 word outlines of each period in Rooseveltıs life covered in film; a text-based timeline from Rooseveltıs birth in 1858 to his death in 1919; "T.R. on Film," a roughly 750-word scholarly essay; four sound recordings, with transcriptions, Roosevelt made for Edison company in 1912 in which he stated his progressive political views; and an image of "Theodore Roosevelt: The Picture Man," a 2000-word article from a 1910 The Moving Picture World magazine. See also the 250-word description of the collection, a 15-work selected bibliography on Theodore Roosevelt and motion pictures, and links to four related websites. A "Learn More About It" section includes 12 other Library of Congress special presentations and related collection sites for those who wish to learn more about Roosevelt and his times. This site is a good resource for learning about Theodore Roosevelt and the United States around the turn of the 20th century. Taking the Long View: Panoramic Photographs, 1851-1991 Nearly 4,000 panoramic photographs of cityscapes, landscapes, and group portraits, deposited as copyright submissions by more than 400 companies, are on display in this site. Panoramic photographs were used to advertise real estate and to document groups, events, and gatherings. Images depict all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and more than 20 foreign countries and territories; subjects include sports, transportation, military activities, agricultural life, natural disasters, college campuses, fairs, dams, bridges, canals, and theaters. Although the images cover the period from 1851 to 1991, the collection centers on the early 20th century. The site includes a 20-title bibliography, an illustrated 1,000-word background essay on the history of panoramic photography, and 500-word explorations of four specific photographers: George R. Lawrence (1869-1938); George N. Barnard (1819-1902); Frederick W. Brehm (1871-1950); and Miles F. Weaver (1879-1932). A useful collection for the documentation of geographic places as well as the depiction of groups and leisure activities. Tending the Commons: Folklife and Landscape in Southern West Virginia This site, offered by the American Memory Collection at the Library of Congress, incorporates 679 excerpts from original sound recordings and more than 1200 photographs from the Library of Congress American Folklife Centerıs Coal River Folklife Project (1992-1999). These materials document traditional uses of mountains in southern West Virginiaıs Big Coal River Valley as common land for hunting, gardening, mining, and timbering. It includes interviews on native forest species, traditional harvesting, storytelling, river baptisms, and other special occasions celebrated in the valleyıs commons. Forty brief (approximately 500-word) interpretive texts outline the social, historical, economic, and cultural contexts of community life in the valley; eight maps and more than 150 photographs illustrate these community activities. Captions (roughly 25-word) describe the more than 1200 images contained on the site, which is keyword searchable and browsable by subject, geographic location, photograph title, and audio title. This site would be of interest to those researching rural American life and folkways. Working in Paterson: Occupational Heritage in an Urban Setting Presents 470 audio excerpts of interviews and 3,882 photographs compiled in 1994 by the American Folklife Center of the Library of Congress during a study of occupational culture in Paterson, New Jersey. The project‹-sponsored by Congress‹- explores ways that the industrial heritage of Paterson, with manufacturing roots going back to the 18th century, still affects present-day community life and culture with regard to work practices and leisure activities. Audio files are available in three formats, accompanied by bibliographic records with word-searchable summaries and subject headings. The site includes five essays‹from 2,500 to 5,000 words in length with photographs‹by project fieldworkers on African American family businesses in Paterson; an ethnography of a single workplace‹Watson Machine International, a manufacturing film established in 1845; business life along a single street‹21st Avenue, home to Italian and Hispanic communities; a traditional Paterson food‹the hot Texas wiener; and remembrances by retired workers. Offers a 27-title bibliography, annotated links to 32 related sites, and a glossary of specialized terms. Valuable for those studying the intersection of labor and ethnic history, urban history, and the functioning of historical memory. AllPolitics - Ad Archive CNN/AOL Time Warner A video collection of 11 television presidential campaign advertisements from 1952 to 1988. Includes three from the 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower-Adlai Stevenson election and three from the 1988 battle between George H. W. Bush and Michael Dukakis, including the infamous "Willie Horton" ad. Also offers such memorable classics as the "daisy" ad used in Lyndon B. Johnsonıs 1964 campaign against Barry Goldwater and the Ronald Reagan 1984 "Morning in America" creation. Part of the CNN/AOL Time Warner "AllPolitics" site. While the limited number of materials offered make this a site of limited value for in-depth studies, it nevertheless can demonstrate to students of communications and postwar American politics trends in the effective use of the media for selling presidents to the American public. The American Experience PBS Visitors may browse these "website archives" to access the transcripts of 60 American Experience documentaries broadcast on PBS. In addition, the site offers transcribed interviews with the filmmakers, a timeline of events each the film topicıs era, and teaching guides. Documentaries cover a wide range of topics including Harry Houdini, the Donner Party, the advent of television, and the Wright brothers. Primary source material includes pages from a colonial womanıs diary, public documents from Trumanıs presidency, video clips of female pilots, and real audio files of three hobo songs. The site will be especially useful for teachers contemplating using films in the classroom. American Studies Crossroads Project American Studies Association This impressive site presents a rich array of primary and secondary material designed to foster electronic learning. The siteıs "Reference and Research" section furnishes an annotated, searchable gateway to hundreds of links dealing generally with American history and life, including SiteScene, a biweekly journal that reviews websites, texts of recent articles published in American Quarterly; abstracts of American Studies dissertations from 1986 to 1999, organized alphabetically by author; and links to image and document archives. Three additional sections‹entitled "Community," "Curriculum," and "Technology and Learning"‹offer a wealth of material concerning developments in the field of American Studies and teaching with new technologies, including essays, syllabi, bulletin boards, and newsletters. Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898-1935 Jim Zwick, American Studies Scholar Begun by Jim Zwick in 1994, while a doctoral student at Syracuse University, this innovative site of important texts on American imperialism and its opponents presents approximately 800 essays, speeches, pamphlets, political platforms, editorial cartoons, petitions, and pieces of literature, such as Mark Twainıs anti-imperialist writings and the text of Rudyard Kiplingıs The White Man's Burden accompanied by 50 contemporary reactions. Arranged by document type and searchable by keyword, the materials also include information concerning bulletin boards and electronic discussion networks. The site is regularly updated. A Biography of America Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting